Pathophysiology

Last updated: 2022 Aug 26
Total hit(s): 145
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In ten cases, bronchopneumonia was superimposed. Alveolar haemorrhage (n = 3), vasculitis (n = 1), and pulmonary embolism (n = 4) were additional findings. Pathologies in other organ systems were primarily shock-related; five individuals had pulmonary thrombotic microangiopathy, and three patients had generalised microangiopathy. At autopsy, senile cardiac amyloidosis was identified in six cases. The tolerance threshold for COVID-19 may be lower in hypertensive, aged, obese, males with severe cardiovascular comorbidities, and blood group A patients.
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 		32364264
(Histopathology)
PMID
32364264
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug
Title Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction
Author(s) nameMenter T, Haslbauer JD et al.
Journal Histopathology
Impact factor
3.46
Citation count: 567
Date of Entry 2022 Aug 26

The median CT score was 5, and the median number of zones implicated was five, both of which advanced quickly, peaked over sickness days 611, and then persisted at high levels. Ground-glass opacity was the most common pattern of abnormalities after the onset of symptoms (35 of 78 scans [45% ] to 49 of 79 scans [62% ] in different periods). The proportion of mixed patterns reached its highest on illness days 1217 (30 of 78 scans [38%]), and it thereafter moved into the position of second-most predominating pattern. The most common type of ground-glass opacity after the onset of symptoms was pure ground-glass opacity (20 of 50 scans [40% ] to 20 of 28 scans [71%]).
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 		32191587
(Radiology)
PMID
32191587
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug
Title Temporal Changes of CT Findings in 90 Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Longitudinal Study
Author(s) nameWang Y, Dong C et al.
Journal Radiology
Impact factor
7.11
Citation count: 402
Date of Entry 2022 Aug 26

It was reported that Covid-19 which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, was found in neural and capillary endothelial cells in frontal lobe tissue from a patient (SARS-CoV-2). Our discoveries of the virus in brain tissue, along with the clinical correlations of deteriorating neurologic symptoms, open the door to a deeper comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning SARS-involvement CoV-2's in the central nervous system. The findings offer the first proof of the direct spread and presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human brain tissue. Hematogenous dissemination and brain capillary endothelial cells of the brain-blood barrier are thought to facilitate pathogen entry into the central nervous system (CNS) and the subsequent virus-induced neuropathic effects in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.
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 		32314810
(J Med Virol)
PMID
32314810
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul
Title Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Author(s) namePaniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C et al.
Journal J Med Virol
Impact factor
2.07
Citation count: 383
Date of Entry 2022 Aug 26

The existence of thrombosis and microangiopathy in the lungs' small blood arteries and capillaries, together with an accompanying haemorrhage, are noteworthy discoveries. This greatly led to the patient's mortality. Even in patients who had not been ventilated, characteristics of diffuse alveolar injury, such as hyaline membranes, were present. Cardiac Individual cell necrosis without lymphocytic myocarditis was seen.
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 		32473124
(Lancet Respir Med)
PMID
32473124
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul
Title Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans
Author(s) nameFox SE, Akmatbekov A et al.
Journal Lancet Respir Med
Impact factor
15.78
Citation count: 581
Date of Entry 2022 Aug 26

Between April 27 and May 11, 2020, 21 children and teenagers (aged 18 years) with symptoms of Kawasaki illness were admitted to a hospital and monitored until their discharge on May 15, 2020. Intravenous immunoglobulin was given to all 21 patients, and 10 (48%) also received corticosteroids. All patients had positive clinical outcomes.
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 		32493739
(BMJ)
PMID
32493739
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jun 3
Title Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study
Author(s) nameToubiana J, Poirault C et al.
Journal BMJ
Impact factor
30.22
Citation count: 409
Date of Entry 2022 Aug 26

Patients between the ages of 21 and 50 made up the majority (70.2%) of the group. Fever was the primary presenting symptom in the majority of patients (78.2%). Ground-glass opacities (GGO) (87 [86.1%]) or mixed GGO and consolidation (65 [64.4%]), vascular enlargement in the lesion (72 [71.3%]), and traction bronchiectasis were common imaging findings in the majority of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (53 [52.5%]). Lesions seen on CT scans were more likely to be lower lung predominate (55 [54.5%]) and multifocal (88 [87.1%]), have a peripheral distribution, and include both hemispheres (83 [82.2%]) (55 [54.5% ]). The emergency patients were older than the non-emergency patients. Evaluation of the severity and scope of the disease was improved by the use of architectural distortion, traction bronchiectasis, and the CT involvement score.
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 		32125873
(AJR Am J Roentgenol)
PMID
32125873
Date of Publishing: 2020 May
Title Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2
Author(s) nameZhao W, Zhong Z et al.
Journal AJR Am J Roentgenol
Impact factor
3.19
Citation count: 481
Date of Entry 2022 Aug 26

The airways of severe COVID-19 patients clogged with MUC5AC-containing mucus show hyperplasia of goblet cells, hypoplasia of multiciliated cells, and hypoplasia of club cells, as well as considerably lower CC16 and MUC5B levels and higher IL-13 levels.
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 		33829055
(ERJ Open Res)
PMID
33829055
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr
Title Analysis of pathological changes in the epithelium in COVID-19 patient airways
Author(s) nameYin W, Cao W et al.
Journal ERJ Open Res
Impact factor
3.35
Citation count: 5
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

The progression from pneumonia to ARDS varied from 3% to 63%. These key estimates were highly associated with the case fatality rates reported for each country with a statistically significant positive relationship
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 		33743372
(J Infect Public Health)
PMID
33743372
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr
Title Progression from Pneumonia to ARDS as a Predictor for Fatal COVID-19
Author(s) nameHsu CY, Lai CC et al.
Journal J Infect Public Health
Impact factor
2.49
Citation count: 9
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

This observed incident of secondary fungal infection in a SARS-CoV-2 infected patient is uncommon due to the presence of A. fumigatus and a Mucorales species. Despite antibiotic therapy, the patient felt feverish while in aplasia, and a fresh SARS-CoV-2 RTPCR test from a nasopharyngeal swab revealed a very high respiratory virus load.
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 		33527098
(Infect Dis Now)
PMID
33527098
Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan 27
Title Mixed mold infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus microsporus in a severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patient
Author(s) nameBellanger AP, Navellou JC et al.
Journal Infect Dis Now
Impact factor
- n/a -
Citation count: 34
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

Hydroxychloroquine (EC50 = 0.72 M) were shown to be more effective than chloroquine (EC50 = 5.47 M) in in vitro. Based on the results of PBPK (Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic) models, a loading dose of 400 mg twice daily of hydroxychloroquine sulfate given orally, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg twice daily for four days, is recommended for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it reached three times the potency of chloroquine phosphate when given 500 mg twice daily five days in advance.
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 		32150618
(Clin Infect Dis)
PMID
32150618
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul 28
Title In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Author(s) nameYao X, Ye F et al.
Journal Clin Infect Dis
Impact factor
7.71
Citation count: 1245
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

The findings of this group of COVID-19 patients do not suggest acute DIC, but rather hypercoagulability combined with a severe inflammatory condition. These findings could explain why some of these individuals had venous thromboembolism and support antithrombotic prophylaxis and treatment.
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 		32302438
(J Thromb Haemost)
PMID
32302438
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul
Title Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis
Author(s) namePanigada M, Bottino N et al.
Journal J Thromb Haemost
Impact factor
4.45
Citation count: 587
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

Aside from the tumours, pathologic exams revealed edoema, proteinaceous exudate, focal reactive hyperplasia of pneumocytes with patchy inflammatory cellular infiltration, and multinucleated giant cells in both patients' lungs. There were no hyaline membranes visible. It would be ideal if reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry staining, or both, could be utilised to establish the presence of the viruses that may be linked to pneumonia in the two instances mentioned..
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 		32114094
(J Thorac Oncol)
PMID
32114094
Date of Publishing: 2020 May
Title Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients With Lung Cancer
Author(s) nameTian S, Hu W et al.
Journal J Thorac Oncol
Impact factor
6.71
Citation count: 688
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

This case highlights the need of considering that thrombocytopenia in SARS-CoV-2 patients, the majority of whom are given heparinoids, could constitute an undiagnosed HIT.
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 		32905282
(Thromb J)
PMID
32905282
Date of Publishing: 2020
Title SARS-CoV-2 and pulmonary embolism: who stole the platelets?
Author(s) nameTran M, Sheth C et al.
Journal Thromb J
Impact factor
2.57
Citation count: 5
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 20

Hamsters infected with 103 TCID50 of BavPat (D614G) strain showed median viral RNA copies of 4 x 106/mg of lung tissue, infectious viral loads of 2 x 104/mg of lung tissue , and weight change of 0.65%. Hamsters infected with 103 TCID50 omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant showed median viral RNA copies of 3 x 103/mg of lung tissue, no infectious viral loads, and weight gain of about 3.8%. Highly mutated spike of the omicron variant is better adapted to human ACE2 receptor when compare to ACE2 receptor of the hamster.
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 		35066015
(Antiviral Res)
PMID
35066015
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 21
Title The omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern does not readily infect Syrian hamsters
Author(s) nameAbdelnabi R, Foo CS et al.
Journal Antiviral Res
Impact factor
4.12
Citation count: 15
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 21

On day 4 post infection, Syrian hamsters infected with the D614G strain and the omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant had a cumulative lung pathology score of 7.5 and 1.75 (close to the baseline score of untreated, non-infected hamsters), respectively. In comparison to the ancestral D614G strain and other variants of concerns, the omicron is unable to proliferate well in the lower respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters.
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 		35066015
(Antiviral Res)
PMID
35066015
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 21
Title The omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern does not readily infect Syrian hamsters
Author(s) nameAbdelnabi R, Foo CS et al.
Journal Antiviral Res
Impact factor
4.12
Citation count: 15
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 21

Serial pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and chest high-resolution CT (HRCT) changes in non-intubated patients hospitalised with severe COVID-19 pneumonia are reported in this study at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months after hospital discharge. Despite the fact that most patients' exercise ability improved over time, evidence of persisting physiological and radiographic alterations in a subset of individuals was discovered. No patient had a history of comorbidities or smoking.Pulmonary function tests were done according to American Thoracic Society (ATS)European Respiratory Society guidelines.Patients underwent chest non-contrast enhanced CT examinations in the supine position and with breath-holding following inspiration.6MWD test was done according to the ATS practical guidelines.The severity of dyspnoea was measured using an mMRC scale.
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 		33964245
(Lancet Respir Med)
PMID
33964245
Date of Publishing: 2021 May 5
Title 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study
Author(s) nameWu X, Liu X et al.
Journal Lancet Respir Med
Impact factor
15.78
Citation count: 105
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

Chest CTs and other laboratory parameters of positive RT-PCR COVID-19 group and negative RT-PCR COVID-19 group were compared. Even in patients who had a negative RT-PCR test, the amount of lung injury was substantially linked to altered laboratory test findings (decrease in lymphocytes and a rise in CRP, LDH, d-dimer, and fibrinogen levels). In patients with a double negative RT-PCR result, this could be a useful additional diagnostic tool.
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 		33832103
(Medicine (Baltimore))
PMID
33832103
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr 9
Title Correlations between chest CT and laboratory parametres in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.
Author(s) nameOrlacchio A, Gasparrini F et al.
Journal Medicine (Baltimore)
Impact factor
0.03
Citation count: 2
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

Higher in-hospital mortality was linked to both greater Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) upon admission and increased BUN within the first 24 hours. COVID-19 infected patients were found to have an increase in BUN at 24 hours of hospitalization, linked to a composite of clinical outcomes and in-hospital mortality.
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 		33583325
(Ren Fail)
PMID
33583325
Date of Publishing: 2021 Dec
Title Association between an increase in blood urea nitrogen at 24h and worse outcomes in COVID-19 pneumonia
Author(s) nameYe B, Deng H et al.
Journal Ren Fail
Impact factor
1.68
Citation count: 3
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

Covid-19 infected patients were analyzed for Pulmonary embolism(PE) and D-dimer levels. Highest frequency of PE was found in ICU patients, most commonly in the peripheral region. Moreover, D-dimer value was higher in Covid-19 infected PE patients.
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 		33966132
(Eur Radiol)
PMID
33966132
Date of Publishing: 2021 May 9
Title Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 and value of D-dimer assessment: a meta analysis.
Author(s) name Kwee RM, Adams HJA, Kwee TC.
Journal Eur Radiol
Impact factor
3.11
Citation count: 8
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

A patient with a history of diabetes mellitus who was recently cured of COVID-19, presented with symptoms of fever and cough. Examination revealed the presence of Aspergillus. The patient was treated for COVID-19 for 4 months. Hemoptysis, dyspnea, cough, fever, and rigor were the symptoms reported by the patient.
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 		33842198
(Int J Surg Case Rep)
PMID
33842198
Date of Publishing: 2021 May
Title Post covid-19 invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis: A case report
Author(s) nameKakamad FH, Mahmood SO et al.
Journal Int J Surg Case Rep
Impact factor
0.57
Citation count: 13
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

Lung ultrasound and Computed Tomography (CT) were compared to check their ability to diagnose COVID-19. Although Lung Ultra sound (LUS) could diagnose COVID-19 there was only a moderate correlation with CT findings as for lesion patterns and severity quantification 145 patients(66%) had pre-existing pathologies including cardiovascular diseases, active neoplastic disease and chronic kidney disease.
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 		33743491
(Eur J Radiol)
PMID
33743491
Date of Publishing: 2021 May
Title Correlation between lung ultrasound and chest CT patterns with estimation of pulmonary burden in COVID-19 patients
Author(s) nameRizzetto F, Perillo N et al.
Journal Eur J Radiol
Impact factor
3.11
Citation count: 4
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

In non-critical COVID-19 patients, a blockage in the pulmonary (lung) artery was detected on Computer Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA). Daignostic tools such as D-dimer levels were not useful in precticitng the presence of Acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Heparin was used as an anticoagulant in 73% patients before conducting the Computer Tomography Pulmonary Angiography(CTPA).
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 		33834578
(Intern Med J)
PMID
33834578
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr 8
Title Acute pulmonary embolism in patients presenting pulmonary deterioration after hospitalisation for non-critical Covid-19.
Author(s) namePolo Friz H, Gelfi E et al.
Journal Intern Med J
Impact factor
1.75
Citation count: 2
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

The incidence of Deep vein thrombosis(DVT) and Pulmonary embolism(PE) was significantly higher in hopsialized COVID-19 patients when compared to non-COVID-19 individuals. Patients with DVT and PE had comparatively higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay and ICU when compared to the non-infected patients.
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 		33836287
(J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord)
PMID
33836287
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr 6
Title Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019- positive patients predicted for higher mortality and prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays in a multisite healthcare system.
Author(s) nameErben Y, Franco-Mesa C et al.
Journal J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord
Impact factor
2.11
Citation count: 6
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

Patients with pleural complications of Covid-19 pneumonia have a very high death rate. In critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, pneumothorax is a serious event.
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 		33890447
(Turk J Med Sci)
PMID
33890447
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr 23
Title The analysis of pleural complications of COVID-19 pneumonia.
Author(s) nameTürk MŞ, Akarsu I et al.
Journal Turk J Med Sci
Impact factor
0.62
Citation count: 1
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1

The impact of superinfections in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome was assessed. Superinfections were detected 10 days after ICU admission. Patients with lung superinfections have a higher risk of bacteremia, virus reactivations, and yeast colonisation, as well as a longer stay in intensive care. Despite a high rate of antibiotic therapy, superinfections are common and are related with lower ventilator free days (VFDs) at 28 days.
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 		33748789
(Cell Rep Med)
PMID
33748789
Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr 20
Title Bacterial pulmonary superinfections are associated with longer duration of ventilation in critically ill Covid-19 patients.
Author(s) nameBuehler PK, Zinkernagel AS et al.
Journal Cell Rep Med
Impact factor
- n/a -
Citation count: 22
Date of Entry 2021 Nov 1