Immunology

Last updated: 2022 Jun 17
Total hit(s): 191
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Peptide 2 (YYVGYLQPRTFLLKY) located at the end of the NTD of the Spike protein and upstream of the RBD is the most effective epitope for eliciting a potent antigen-specific CD8+ T response that produces IFN gamma. This important MHC-I epitope can be deliberately integrated into vaccine designs to increase the likelihood of viral eradication by immunization and be used to measure cell-mediated immunity caused by COVID-19 vaccinations.
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 		35171086
(Emerg Microbes Infect)
PMID
35171086
Date of Publishing: 2022 Dec
Title Identification of a promiscuous conserved CTL epitope within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Author(s) nameJiang S, Wu S et al.
Journal Emerg Microbes Infect
Impact factor
5.84
Citation count: 1
Date of Entry 2022 Jun 17

No neutralizing serum response to the Omicron variant in previously unvaccinated COVID-19 convalescent individuals was observed. A single dose of BNT162b2 showed a strong neutralization with a GeoMean ID50 of 1,549 1 month after vaccination (Hybrid time point 62-71 weeks from disease onset-immunity acquired from a combination of infection and vaccination). Omicron variant exerts substantial humoral immune escape in BNT162b2-vaccinated and convalescent individuals. But, high levels of neutralizing activ ity against the Omicron variant can be induced by a BNT162b2 booster immunization.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

Serum neutralizing activity against Omicron variant after two BNT162b2 vaccine doses was low (GeoMean ID50s of 8 and 9 at 1 month and 5 month points), but increased 100-fold after the booster dose (at 8.5 - 9.5 months) with GeoMean ID50 of 1,195. A single BNT162b2 booster immunization effectively induces a substantial increase in serum neutralization against the Omicron variant and results in neutralizing titers similar to those observed against Wu01 after two doses of BNT162b2.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

Vaccine-induced serum neutralizing activity showed Omicron variant had a geometric mean 50% inhibitory serum dilution (GeoMeanID50) of 8, which is lower than Wu01 strain (546) Alpha (331), Delta(172), Beta(40). Lower neutralising titers are linked to a higher probability of symptomatic COVID-19 infection. Limited neutralising activity against Omicron could lead to a higher risk of infection and disease load.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

Neutralizing activity of Bamlanivimab, Etesevimab, REGN10933 (casirivimab), REGN10987 (imdevimab), C102, P2B-2F6, and Fab2-36 monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant showed a IC50 of >10 µg ml-1. Sotrovimab (S309) and DZIF-10c had a neutralizing IC50 of 0.0950 and 0.0346 µg ml-1, respectively. Several monoclonal antibodies' neutralising efficacy against the Omicron variant is significantly reduced, and this may limit therapy choices for Omicron-induced COVID-19.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

Seroprevalence of males vs females was 13.5% and 8.9%, respectively. Ancillary hospital care workers had a higher seroprevalence of 18.5% compared to doctors (7.0%) and nurses (6.8%). Individuals of the age group 20-40 yrs, 40-60 yrs and >60yrs had a seroprevalence of 9.9%, 12.4% and 12.5% respectively. The overall seroprevalence of the among health care workers in Mumbai is 11.1%. Higher COVID-19 seroprevalence in HCWs indicates greater vulnerability, even if community-acquired infection cannot be ruled out. HCWs put themselves and their families at risk of infection, as well as patients and coworkers.
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 		33242979
(Asia Pac J Public Health)
PMID
33242979
Date of Publishing: 2020 Nov 26
Title Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Among Health Care Workers in Mumbai, India
Author(s) nameKumar N, Bhartiya S et al.
Journal Asia Pac J Public Health
Impact factor
1.85
Citation count: 15
Date of Entry 2022 Jan 13

In a cohort of lactating parents, COVID-19 infection vs. mRNA immunisation resulted in different patterns of IgA and IgG antibodies in human milk. Infection was linked to a highly variable IgA-dominant response, while vaccination was linked to an IgG-dominant response. Human milk that exhibited neutralising activity against live SARS-CoV-2 virus was linked to both. Human milk-Three patterns of antibody responses were identified: group A, initial IgA and IgG response with an upward trending levels up to 90 days (16 individuals [35.6%]); group B, initial IgA and IgG response with level trend up to 90 days (17 individuals [37.8%]); and group C, poor IgA and no IgG antibody response (5 individuals [11.1%]). A fourth group (group D; 7 [15.6%]) lacked long-term follow-up samples, and thus temporal patterns were not established.
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 		34757387
(JAMA Pediatr)
PMID
34757387
Date of Publishing: 2021 Nov 10
Title Association of Human Milk Antibody Induction, Persistence, and Neutralizing Capacity With SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs mRNA Vaccination
Author(s) nameYoung BE, Seppo AE et al.
Journal JAMA Pediatr
Impact factor
9.89
Citation count: 4
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

This study depicts distinct antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults. Anti-Spike (S) IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies, as well as anti-Nucleocapsid (N) IgG antibody were observed in adult COVID-19 patients, while children with and without multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) exhibited reduced breadth of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Children independent of whether they develop MIS-C, exhibit distinct infection course and immune response, with indications for developing age-targeted strategies for testing and safeguarding the population. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response generated in children is mainly anti-S IgG antibodies independent of clinical syndrome, whereas adults generate broader antibody responses to infection and exhibit high magnitude and breadth of the anti-S antibody response with more severe disease. The results exhibited quantitative and qualitative differences in the anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response across the spectrum of infection in children compared to adults.
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 		33154590
(Nat Immunol)
PMID
33154590
Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan
Title Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum
Author(s) nameWeisberg SP, Connors TJ et al.
Journal Nat Immunol
Impact factor
18.5
Citation count: 185
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

The study finds that convalescent donors had varied CD4+ T cell population compared to healthy individuals and patients with mild and moderate disease. In convalescent patients, a higher frequency of cTfh-em cells was linked to a lower blood oxygen level.
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 		32841212
(J Clin Invest)
PMID
32841212
Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 1
Title Peripheral CD4+T cell subsets and antibody response in COVID-19 convalescent individuals
Author(s) nameGong F, Dai Y et al.
Journal J Clin Invest
Impact factor
10.51
Citation count: 40
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were easily detectable in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels reaching 1630 days post-infection. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly degraded in both biofluids, whereas IgG antibodies were relatively stable up to 105 days post-symptom onset (PSO). The anti-spike and anti-RBD IgG and IgM levels in the serum samples positively correlated to the levels in saliva. Saliva may be a good option for antibody testing, at least for anti-spike IgM and anti-RBD IgG readings.
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 		33033173
(Sci Immunol)
PMID
33033173
Date of Publishing: 2020 Oct 8
Title Persistence of serum and saliva antibody resonses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID -19 patients
Author(s) nameIsho B, Abe KT et al.
Journal Sci Immunol
Impact factor
8.16
Citation count: 309
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

In a group of convalscent patients, there was a positive correlation between serum neutralizing capacity and disease severity. Sera from patients with severe disease showed the highest neutralising capacity. The neutralising antibody (NAb) subtype compositions differed between recovered patients with severe symptoms and recovered patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms. These findings supported the use of RBD as the sole S1-immunogen in vaccine development.
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 		32879307
(Signal Transduct Target Ther)
PMID
32879307
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 2
Title Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19
Author(s) nameChen X, Pan Z et al.
Journal Signal Transduct Target Ther
Impact factor
- n/a -
Citation count: 123
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

Day-28 mortality and SARS-CoV-2 viral loads acquired from nasopharyngeal swabs on ICU admission, as well as accompanying SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibody titers were examined. Limitations observed in this study was with respect to its monocenter design as well as to the small number of patients included.
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 		32572527
(Intensive Care Med)
PMID
32572527
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep
Title SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and serum IgA/IgG immune responses in critically ill COVID-19 patients
Author(s) nameFourati S, Hue S et al.
Journal Intensive Care Med
Impact factor
8.61
Citation count: 20
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

SARS-CoV-2\-IgG response was assessed in SARS-CoV-2-PCR-confirmed outpatients and asymptomatic PCR-positive contact persons. Outpatients, even asymptomatic people, have a lower serological reaction to SARS-CoV-2 than hospitalised patients. The SARS-CoV-2\-IgG ratio was strongly negatively linked with ct values, implying a reduced viral load as a possible explanation for the lower rate of seropositivity. There are certain limitations in this study, which includes: single patient took PCR test in another laboratory, no productive acquired collection of serum samples, time point of swab sampling in asymptomatic persons and outpatients were in median relative but differences of all these parameters was observed in individuals which couldn't be excluded.
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 		32707511
(J Clin Virol)
PMID
32707511
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep
Title SARS-CoV-2-IgG response is different in COVID-19 outpatients and asymptomatic contact persons
Author(s) nameWellinghausen N, Plonné D et al.
Journal J Clin Virol
Impact factor
2.95
Citation count: 38
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

The frequency and intensity of T-cell responses were markedly different between moderate and severe pneumonia patients. Furthermore, recent infection with COVID-19 had little effect on the viral memory T-cell pool's resistance to common viruses (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr-virus and Flu-virus). The occurrence of robust adaptive immunity even in individuals who had severe pneumonia supports the case for developing SARS-CoV-2 protective therapies.
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 		32853599
(J Infect)
PMID
32853599
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 25
Title COVID-19 patients display distinct SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses according to disease severity
Author(s) nameKroemer M, Spehner L et al.
Journal J Infect
Impact factor
5.1
Citation count: 19
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

RBD-specific IgG antibody responses with neutralising activity are detectable 6 days after PCR confirmation. The amount of RBD-specific IgG binding titers was found to be strongly linked with viral neutralisation. FRNT assay is a relaiable technique to determine antibody neutralizing capacity.
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 		32511565
(medRxiv)
PMID
32511565
Date of Publishing: 2020 May 8
Title Rapid generation of neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 patients
Author(s) nameSuthar MS, Zimmerman M et al.
Journal medRxiv
Impact factor
- n/a -
Citation count: 1
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

In convalescent patients, more than 80% of the anti-spike IgG antibody response is directed against epitopes outside the receptor binding domain (RBD). In one patient, antibodies were aimed at the amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) that proved protective against a deadly viral attack. In a high viral load test, a cocktail of the top non-RBD plasma mAbs CM29CM31 (>85% of the IgG plasma lineages to S-ECD) provided the most effective protection and lung viral titers below the limit of detection (LOD) (10^4 PFU).
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 		33947773
(Science)
PMID
33947773
Date of Publishing: 2021 May 4
Title Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes
Author(s) nameVoss WN, Hou YJ et al.
Journal Science
Impact factor
20.57
Citation count: 83
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

In a HIV-positive SARS-CoV-2 patient, IgA, IgG and IgM antibody reposes were detectable by day 53, however, only IgG responses were detectable up to day 116. The link between an altered immune system and viable SARS-CoV-2 in the gastro-intestinal tract is unclear, despite the fact that this patient had well-controlled HIV.
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 		33966675
(Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol)
PMID
33966675
Date of Publishing: 2021 May 10
Title Temporal differences in culturable severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts in a patient with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Author(s) nameAudsley JM, Holmes NE et al.
Journal Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
Impact factor
2.66
Citation count: 1
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

CD4+ T cell responses are induced against spike, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. Individuals who died had a higher chance of not mounting a cellular response to the proteins. The membrane specific T cells were significantly less in ICU patients. In patients with active disease, PD-1 expression was higher in CoV-2-specific T cells than in convalescent patients with moderate disease.
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 		32833687
(J Clin Invest)
PMID
32833687
Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 1
Title SARSCoV-2specific T cell responses and correlations with COVID-19 patient predisposition
Author(s) nameSattler A, Angermair S et al.
Journal J Clin Invest
Impact factor
10.51
Citation count: 84
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

Study of immune responses in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients showed a reduction in T cell number. Worst disease outcomes were associated with early increase in cytokine levels. Patients with moderate disease showed a decrease in antiviral and antifungal responses whereas, these responses were elevated in patients with severe disease throughout the course of the disease.
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 		32717743
(Nature)
PMID
32717743
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug
Title Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19
Author(s) nameLucas C, Wong P et al.
Journal Nature
Impact factor
24.36
Citation count: 742
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

The kinetics of Interferon (IFN)-I in COVID-19 patients was assessed. IFN-I response was impaired in 1 out of 5 critically ill patients. Patients had a peak in IFN-alpha2 at day 8 to 10 of symptom onset, which corresponded to the viral replication phase, and then it dropped to a low level over time. IFN-2 therapy, especially in patients with COVID-19 who have a deficient IFN response, could be beneficial. To manage the virus and avoid immunopathogenesis, the timing of IFN exposure could be crucial.
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 		32360285
(J Allergy Clin Immunol)
PMID
32360285
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul
Title Type I IFN immunoprofiling in COVID-19 patients
Author(s) nameTrouillet-Assant S, Viel S et al.
Journal J Allergy Clin Immunol
Impact factor
8.2
Citation count: 133
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were detectable 14 days after disease onset. However, a greater than 2-fold decrease in antibody levels was observed in majority (38/42) patients within 14 days. Neutralising antibodies were not analysed in this study.
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 		32603501
(J Med Virol)
PMID
32603501
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jun 30
Title Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients
Author(s) nameLiu A, Li Y et al.
Journal J Med Virol
Impact factor
2.07
Citation count: 42
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

27 out of 115 known SARS-CoV T cell epitopes (23%) were found to be identical with SARS-CoV-2. No mutations were observed in these epitopes among the avilable SARS-CoV-2 sequences (February 2020). These epitopes can be used to develop vaccines that can induce T cell responses which can offer long-term protection.
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 		32106567
(Viruses)
PMID
32106567
Date of Publishing: 2020 Feb 25
Title Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies.
Author(s) name Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR.
Journal Viruses
Impact factor
3.76
Citation count: 507
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 6

Two immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes, S14P5 and S21P2 on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were identified. Sera from COVID-19 infected individuals were used to validate the epitopes. In antibody depletion assay, when compared to undepleted sera, sera depleted with antibodies targeting either S14P5, S21P2 or S14P5+S21P2 significantly reduced the ability to neutralise SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.
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 		32483236
(Nat Commun)
PMID
32483236
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jun 1
Title Two linear epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that elicit neutralising antibodies in COVID-19 patients
Author(s) namePoh CM, Carissimo G et al.
Journal Nat Commun
Impact factor
11.8
Citation count: 173
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 6

A multi-eptiope fusion protein (nucleopcapsid, ORF3a, and membrane protein-NOM) vaccine candidate was predicted using bioinformatics methods. This vaccine contained five epitope-rich regions that included epitopes from both T and B cells.
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 		32295479
(J Biomol Struct Dyn)
PMID
32295479
Date of Publishing: 2020 May 2
Title Reverse vaccinology approach to design a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate against COVID-19: an in silico study
Author(s) nameEnayatkhani M, Hasaniazad M et al.
Journal J Biomol Struct Dyn
Impact factor
3.22
Citation count: 111
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 6

The full viral and human genomes were examined for pentapeptides that are specific to the infection. There were 933 different viral penatapeptides discovered. 107 of them are encased in the spike protein. The Immune Epitope Database (IBD) generated 66 epitopes from these 107 pentapeptides.
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 		32094505
(Cell Mol Immunol)
PMID
32094505
Date of Publishing: 2020 May
Title Epitopes for a 2019-nCoV vaccine
Author(s) name Lucchese G.
Journal Cell Mol Immunol
Impact factor
7.11
Citation count: 34
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 6